Minggu, 26 Juli 2015

Community Life Pre-script

     Ancient people's life when viewed from the side of social life and livelihood systems development life can be described.

a. Hunting and gathering society

 

     Two things are very crucial in the life of hunting and gathering systems are tools and fire. Manufacture of tools from stone, wood, bone, and horn are separate activities that are increasingly moving towards improvement of the shape and the physical tools. Pleistocene human tooling tool basically shows the usefulness of the tools for hunting and gathering. Forms of stone tools and bone tools in Indonesia according to the conditions of life of hunting and gathering in the tropics.

Characteristics of hunting and gathering societies:
1. His life was nomadic as if they were hunting the old place has been diminishing and the game will move when the dry season comes to finding sources of water.
2. Living in small groups to facilitate hunting.
3. Life depends on nature.
4. Tool hunting is still as simple as stone, bone, fish bone, and horn shape is still rough. These tools are found in Pacitan, East Java, and Ngandong. For example: hand-held axes to dig, cut, and skinning game animals. Perimbas ax to chop wood, bone breaking, and weapons. Flakes for slicing meat and cut tubers.
5. They use sign language.

At the time of hunting and gathering more advanced, this community has additional capabilities such as:



1. Make fire
2. The instinct to protect themselves from wild animals and bad weather to take shelter in caves.
3. Fishing with a simple way.
4. Eating shellfish for those who live on the seaside.
5. Residing in one place long enough.
6. The division of labor as men hunt and women gather food and care of the child.

b. Farming community


     At this time the public has had a major change in his life that were previously only collect food and now a producer of food by doing farm or ranch. This future society no longer nomadic, but began to live to live near food sources such as streams.
    Farming communities thought to arise during the Mesolithikum. Homo Sapiens is a community of clumps Proto-Malays who migrated to Indonesia. Fields depend on nature because they are not familiar with irrigation. If the soil is not fertile, they will move on looking for land is still fertile.


      At the time of planting tinggat Further, they are already living settled and live clustered, and able to make equipment to rub smooth stone tools. Most inventions are intended to show earthenware stock tomb, while elsewhere found a used fire black bottom that shows the pottery was able to cook food using pottery. Stone tools that stand out are square pickaxe, belincung, and axes. Square pickaxe used to perforate wood or carving. Belincung used to make boats from tree trunks. The third tool is found on the website Buni, Bekasi, West Java.

Ancient Man Migration process to Indonesia

There are three theories that explain the origins of the early humans in Indonesia, namely Africa Theory, Theory Yunan, and the Theory of the archipelago.



1.    Theory of Africa
     This theory states that the ancestors of Indonesia came from Africa since 200,000 BC. Having evolved into a more modern humans, they spread to all continents in the world. From 200,000 to 60,000 BC, humans spread throughout the African region. 60,000 years BC began to spread to the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, to Australia.
     This theory is strengthened by the presence of old paint factory in 100,000 years Blombos Cave near Cape Town. The cave was discovered in a layer of bright red powder in the 100,000-year-old oyster shells, believed to be a primitive form of car dye. This paint may be used as an ingredient in cosmetics, make decorations, create symbolic images, protect themselves from insects, or ritual equipment.
     Still on this theory, ancient human fossils found in Indonesia, especially Java as Meganthropus Paleojavanicus, Pithecanthropus Erectus, Homo Soloensis, Homo Wajakensis has no direct relationship to the African man. Types of early man that ever lived in Indonesia is believed to have become extinct before the arrival of early humans from Africa.

2.    Theory of Yunan
     This theory is supported by some scholars as H Kern, RB Von Heine Geldern, NJ Krom, Mohammad Ali, JR Logan, Slamet Muljana, and Asmah Haji Omar. Kern highlighted the growing similarity of the Malay language in the archipelago allied with the existing language in Cambodia. This shows that the population of Cambodia originated from Yunan with down the Mekhong River. Meanwhile, according to Von Heine Geldern, old ax found in the archipelago has similarities with an old ax found in Central Asia. This shows their migration from Central Asia (Yunnan) to the archipelago.
     According to this theory Yunan man came to the islands of Indonesia in three main waves, namely the displacement of the negrito (dark-skinned, curly-haired, round-eyed, wide-nosed, as well as short-bodied), Proto-Malays, and Malays Duotro.

3.    Theory Nusantara
     This theory states that the origin of humans who occupy the archipelago does not come from outside but from the archipelago itself. Following the standpoint Multiregional Evolution Model, the theory says that the early humans who became the ancestors of Indonesia come from Indonesia itself.
Nusantara theory is supported by scholars such as Mohammad Yamin, J Crawford, K Himly, and Sutan Alisyahbana. Nusantara theory is based on the reasons:
     1. Nation Malay and Javanese have a high civilization. This level can only be          achieved after a long cultural development. This shows the Malays                    originated from the archipelago.
    2. K Himly not agree with the opinion that considers the Malay language                 cognate with the language of Champa (Cambodia). According to him, the            similarity is a coincidence.
    3. According Muh Yamin, a fact many of the oldest fossils and artifacts found         in Indonesia, such as fossil Homo sapiens and Homo fossils that show               Wajakensis ancestors originated from the archipelago nation of Indonesia           (Java)
    4. Language that develops in the archipelago is an Austronesian language,             very much different from the language that developed in Central Asia.

Sabtu, 25 Juli 2015

PRIMORDIAL MAN FROM INDONESIAN

    Indonesian territory has ancient human fossil remains the most complete, most of the old and the modern human species. Artifacts found also gives a clear picture of developments and changes in the pattern of human life. Pre-literacy Indonesian society has been able to create a culture whose level is high. Broadly speaking, there are 10 native culture concluded Indonesia since the days of pre-script, namely:
     1.   Wayang
     2.   Batik
     3.   Farming
     4.   gamelan musical instruments
     5.   Know the pattern of the fabric of society macapat
     6.   Have a means of exchange in trade (economic system)
     7.   It has the expertise to make the equipment of metal
     8.   Having a high expertise in shipping
     9.   Know astronomy
     10. Know the systems of organization

So, we will discuss about early humans in Indonesia.

     Based on the research that has been done on fossils and artifacts were found, it can be reconstructed several types of early humans who have ever lived in Indonesia during the pre-literacy.

1. Meganthropus

 

       This type of fossil is found by GHR von Koenigswald in the area of ​​Sangiran, Central Java, in 1941. The fossils were found is lower jaw and parts of the skull. His teeth showed that this man only ate plants. The jaws were found large so-called Meganthropus Paleojavanicus which means giant man of Java. Judging from his head, the size of brain volume is so small that not including early humans were intelligent.

2. Pithecanthropus

 
    This fossil is most prevalent in Indonesia. Is the famous fossil Pithecanthropus Erectus discovered by Eugene Dubois in the village Trinil, Ngawi, East Java, in 1891. The excavation was carried out in alluvial deposits of the Solo River and found the roof of the skull as well as some of the femur which proves that this man has walked upright. Meaning of Pithecanthropus Erectus was human ape walking upright.


      Pithecanthropus height 160-180 cm with a brain size of 900cc which is above the monkey brain volume, and still below the modern human brain (1200cc - 1400cc). His face was thrust forward, backward sloping forehead, and the back of the head has not been rounded.
        These early human fossils were also found in Perning, Mojokerto, East Java by Von Koenigswald in 1936, and the fossil was named Pithecanthropus mojokertensis.

3. Homo

a. Homo Wajakensis
    The fossil was discovered by BD Van Rietschoten in Wajak. Tulungagung, East Java in 1889. Parts of the body were found in the form of fossilized skull and some vertebrae on the neck. This fossil classified as Homo Sapiens.

b. Homo Soloensis
     Soloensis or human Homo fossils are found in Ngandong Solo, Central Java in 1931 by Ter Haar. The fossils were found in the form of eleven fossil skull, jawbone and teeth. These early human fossils were first classified as Homo Sapiens and given the name Homo (Javanthropus) Soloensis by WFF Oppenoorth.

c. Homo floresiensis
    Homo floresiensis (Flores man) is the name given by a group of researchers of the Hobbit skeleton found in Liang Bua. Limestone cave in Ruteng, Manggarai, Flores Island in 2001. In the cave were found the remains of bodies that have not been petrified of nine individuals. Posture is estimated at about 100cm, with a brain volume of 380cc. Results of research addressing that is different from the bones of Homo floresiensis bones of Homo Sapiens and Neanderthals. Two report strengthens the argument that the specimen skeleton of Homo floresiensis is more primitive than Homo Sapiens and being in the region of variation Homo Erectus.

Spesifikasi Honda BR-V Terbaru



               PT.Honda Prospect Motor telah merilis mobil baru yang diberi nama Bolt Runabout Vehicle atau Honda BR-V. Mobil ini memiliki varian mesin 1500cc dan 1800cc seperti saudaranya yaitu Honda HR-V. Mobil ini sebenarnya hasil kembangan dari Honda Jazz dan Honda Mobilio karena memiliki mesin yang sama dengan Honda Jazz dan ground clearance yang lebih tinggi daripada Honda Mobilio sehingga lebih nyaman untuk dibawa melintasi jalanan berlubang serta jalan yang cukup terjal.


    Mesin dari Honda BR-V ini juga lumayan bertenaga. Mengapa mesinnya bisa  dikatakan lumayan? karena mesin Honda BRV memiliki tenaga yang setara Honda HR-V 1500cc dan pesaing-pesaing dalam level yang lebih besar dari Nissan Juke, lebih besar dari Toyota Rush, dan lebih besar dari Daihatsu Terios yang dimana Nissan Juke, Daihatsu Terios, Toyota Rush hanya bertenaga 109 Hp). Varian mesin 1800cc pada mobil BR-V ini kemungkinan akan lebih diminati oleh banyak orang karena pada mesin 1500cc tenaganya pada HR-V juga sangat kurang dari rival-rivalnya.





        Seperti yang dapat kita lihat di gambar, eksterior mobil Honda BR-V ini memiliki tampilan seperti Honda HR-V yang mempunyai tampang sporty. Kabar gembira yang terdapat pada mobil ini adalah mobil ini memiliki 3 baring bangku yang dapat menampung 7 penumpang tidak seperti saudaranya yaitu Honda HR-V yang hanya terdapat 2 baris bangku dan hanya menampung 5 penumpang.




       
                 Dari sisi interiornya, mobil ini memiliki interior yang berbeda dengan mobilio dan brio. Dari interiornya bisa dibilang hampir sama seperti Honda Jazz. Jadi kita dapat memastikan bahwa Honda BR-V ini bukan Honda Mobilio yang ditinggikan dari segi body dan ground clearancenya. 

            Seolah tidak ingin membuat penggemar mobil Honda tidak menunggu terlalu lama bahkan harapannya digantungkan, Honda BR-V akan segera diluncurkan resmi di pameran otomotif Gaikindo Indonesia Internasional Auto Show (GIIAS) pada 20 Agustus 2015 yang akan datang. 

           O iya, harga dari Honda BR-V ini kisaran 150juta – 300juta. Hal ini telah diungkapkan oleh Jonfis Fandy, Marketing and Aftersales Service Director HPM, di Jakarta, saat peluncuran desain sketsa Honda BR-V, Senin, 29 Juni 2015 yang lalu.