There are three theories that explain the origins of the early humans in Indonesia, namely Africa Theory, Theory Yunan, and the Theory of the archipelago.
1. Theory of Africa
This theory states that the ancestors of Indonesia came from Africa since 200,000 BC. Having evolved into a more modern humans, they spread to all continents in the world. From 200,000 to 60,000 BC, humans spread throughout the African region. 60,000 years BC began to spread to the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, to Australia.
This theory is strengthened by the presence of old paint factory in 100,000 years Blombos Cave near Cape Town. The cave was discovered in a layer of bright red powder in the 100,000-year-old oyster shells, believed to be a primitive form of car dye. This paint may be used as an ingredient in cosmetics, make decorations, create symbolic images, protect themselves from insects, or ritual equipment.
Still on this theory, ancient human fossils found in Indonesia, especially Java as Meganthropus Paleojavanicus, Pithecanthropus Erectus, Homo Soloensis, Homo Wajakensis has no direct relationship to the African man. Types of early man that ever lived in Indonesia is believed to have become extinct before the arrival of early humans from Africa.
2. Theory of Yunan
This theory is supported by some scholars as H Kern, RB Von Heine Geldern, NJ Krom, Mohammad Ali, JR Logan, Slamet Muljana, and Asmah Haji Omar. Kern highlighted the growing similarity of the Malay language in the archipelago allied with the existing language in Cambodia. This shows that the population of Cambodia originated from Yunan with down the Mekhong River. Meanwhile, according to Von Heine Geldern, old ax found in the archipelago has similarities with an old ax found in Central Asia. This shows their migration from Central Asia (Yunnan) to the archipelago.
According to this theory Yunan man came to the islands of Indonesia in three main waves, namely the displacement of the negrito (dark-skinned, curly-haired, round-eyed, wide-nosed, as well as short-bodied), Proto-Malays, and Malays Duotro.
3. Theory Nusantara
This theory states that the origin of humans who occupy the archipelago does not come from outside but from the archipelago itself. Following the standpoint Multiregional Evolution Model, the theory says that the early humans who became the ancestors of Indonesia come from Indonesia itself.
Nusantara theory is supported by scholars such as Mohammad Yamin, J Crawford, K Himly, and Sutan Alisyahbana. Nusantara theory is based on the reasons:
1. Nation Malay and Javanese have a high civilization. This level can only be achieved after a long cultural development. This shows the Malays originated from the archipelago.
2. K Himly not agree with the opinion that considers the Malay language cognate with the language of Champa (Cambodia). According to him, the similarity is a coincidence.
3. According Muh Yamin, a fact many of the oldest fossils and artifacts found in Indonesia, such as fossil Homo sapiens and Homo fossils that show Wajakensis ancestors originated from the archipelago nation of Indonesia (Java)
4. Language that develops in the archipelago is an Austronesian language, very much different from the language that developed in Central Asia.
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